Mugihe cyacu cya siyansi kandi cy’abize dukemanga byinshi mu myizerere itari siyanse ibisekuruza byahahise byari bifite. Uku gushidikanya ni ukuri cyane cyane kuri Bibiliya. Benshi muri twe bibaza ku kudakemangwa kwa Bibiliya. Biterwa n’ibyo tuzi kuri Bibiliya. Nyuma y’ibyo, Bibiliya yanditswe hashize imyaka irenga ibihumbi bibiri. Kuri benshi muri ibyo binyejana byinshi nta binyamakuru byacapwe, imashini zifotora cyangwa amasosiyete atangaza byari bihari. Inyandiko rero zandukuwe n’intoki, uko ibisekuruza byagiye bikurikirana, igihe indimi zapfaga n’izindi nshya zikavuka, uko ingoma zahindukaga kandi ibihangange byazamukaga. Kubera ko inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zimaze igihe kinini zitakaye, twabwirwa n’iki ko ibyo dusoma uyu munsi muri Bibiliya aribyo abanditsi b’umwimerere banditse? Cyangwa Bibiliya yarahinduwe cyangwa yarangiritse, wenda n’abayobozi bo mw’itorero, cyangwa abatambyi n’abihayimana bifuzaga guhindura ubutumwa bwayo kugira ngo bayihuze n’intego zabo?
Amahame ashingirwaho mu kunegura inyandiko.
Mubisanzwe iki kibazo kirahari ku byanditswe kera. Ingengabihe ikurikira irerekana inzira n’uburyo inyandiko zose za kera zabitswe uko ibihe byagiye bisimburana. Irerekana nk’urugero inyandiko ya kera yanditswe muri 500 mbere ya Yesu (iyi tariki yatowe ntakintu gishingiweho). Iyi nyandiko y’umwimerere ariko ntibaho igihe cyose, mbere rero yuko ibora, izimira, cyangwa ikangirika, habanza gukorwa kopi yandikishijwe intoki (kopi ya 1). Icyiciro cy’abantu b’inzobere bita abanditsi bakoze akazi ko gukoporora. Uko imyaka igenda ihita, hagenda hakorwa izindi kopi zivuye kuri ya kopi (kopi ya 2 na kopi ya 3). Igihe kimwe kopi irabikwa kugirango ibe ikiriho n’uyu munsi (kopi ya 3). Mu rugero rwacu iyi kopi iriho yanditswe muri 500 nyuma ya Yesu. Ibi bivuze ko uko dushobora kumenya uko inyandiko yari imeze ari kuva muri 500 nyuma ya Yesu. Kubera iyo mpamvu, igihe cyo kuva muri 500 mbere ya Yesu kugeza 500 nyuma ya Yesu (cyanditswe nka x ku gishushanyo) ni igihe tudashobora gukora igenzura rya kopi kuva inyandiko zose zandikishijwe intoki icyo gihe zarazimiye. Urugero, niba gukoporora amakosa (waba ubishaka cyangwa utabishaka) byabayeho mugihe kopi ya 2 yakozwe muri kopi ya 1,
ntitwashobora kubimenya kuko nta nyandiko nimwe ihari yo kubigereranya. Iki gihe cyabanjirije kopi ziriho ubu (igihe x) rero ni igihe umuntu atamenya neza umwimerere w’ibyanditswe. Kubwibyo, ihame ryakoreshejwe rikemura ibibazo bijyanye no kwizerwa kw’inyandiko ni ukureba uburebure bw’iki gihe. Uko intera iba ngufi (‘x’ ku gishushanyo) niko twita ku kubungabunga neza iyo inyandiko kugeza none, kubera ko igihe gishidikanywaho kigabanuka.
Birumvikana ko mubisanzwe kopi irenze imwe y’inyandiko ibaho uyumunsi. Dufate ko dufite kopi ebyiri zandikishijwe intoki kandi muri buri gice kimwe tukahasanga interuro ikurikira:
Uwanditse inyandiko y’umwimerere yari yanditse kuri Yowani cyangwa kubyerekeye Johani, indi murizi nyandiko harimo ikosa ryo gukoporora. Ikibazo ni, Ni iyihe muri izi ifite ikosa? Uhereye ku nyandiko biragoye cyane kuyimenya.
Noneho tuvuge ko twabonye izindi kopi ebyiri zivuga bimwe, nkuko bigaragara hano:
Noneho biroroshye gukuramo inyandiko ifite ikosa. Birashoboka cyane ko ikosa ryakozwe rimwe, aho kuba ikosa rimwe ryasubiwemo inshuro eshatu, birashoboka rero ko inyandiko # 2 ifite ikosa ryo gukoporora, kandi umwanditsi yandikaga kuri Yawani atari Yohani.
Uru rugero rworoshye rwerekana ihame rya kabiri rikoreshwa mu gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’inyandiko – Uko inyandiko zihari ziba nyinshi, byoroshya kumenya no gukosora amakosa no gusuzuma ibikubiye mu mwimerere wayo.
Kunegura inyandiko za kera z’abagereki n’abaromani ugereranije n’Isezerano Rishya
Ubu dufite ibipimo bibiri bishingiye ku bimenyetso bikoreshwa mu kumenya ubwizerwe bw’inyandiko za kera: 1) gupima igihe kiri hagati y’ibigize umwimerere na kopi ya mbere, na 2) kubara umubare wa kopi. Kuva ibi bipimo bijyanye n’inyandiko iyo ari yo yose ya kera dushobora gukomeza kubikoresha ku byanditswe byemewe by’amateka, nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe iri hasi ( 1 ).
| Umwanditsi | Igihe byandikiwe | Kopi ya vuba cyane | Igihe yamaze | # |
| Caesar | 50 mbere ya Krisitu | 900 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 950 | 10 |
| Plato | 350 mbere ya Krisitu | 900 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1250 | 7 |
| Aristotle* | 300 mbere ya Krisitu | 1100 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1400 | 5 |
| Thucydides | 400 mbere ya Krisitu | 900 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1300 | 8 |
| Herodotus | 400 mbere ya Krisitu | 900 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1300 | 8 |
| Sophocles | 400 mbere ya Krisitu | 1000 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1400 | 100 |
| Tacitus | 100 A mbere ya Krisitu | 1100 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 1000 | 20 |
| Pliny | 100 A mbere ya Krisitu | 850 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 750 | 7 |
* uhereye ku nyandiko iyo ariyo yose.
Aba banditsi bahagarariye abanditsi bakomeye ba kera – inyandiko zagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’imibereho y’iburengerazuba. Ugereranije, twarazwe inyandiko 10-100 zabitswe guhera ku myaka 1000 gusa nyuma yuko izumwimerere zanditswe. Dushyingiye kuri siyansi aya makuru ashobora gufatwa nk’ikigereranyo shingiro k’ubushakashatsi bwacu kuko bugizwe n’amakuru (amateka ya kera na filozofiya) yemerwa kandi akoreshwa n’abashakashatsi na kaminuza ku isi yose.
Imbonerahamwe ikurikira igereranya inyandiko zo mu Isezerano Rishya kuri ibi bipimo (2). Ibi bishobora gufatwa nk’amakuru y’ubushakashatsi twagereranya n’amakuru y’ibipimo, kimwe no mubushakashatsi ubwo aribwo bwose.
| MSS | Igihe yandikiwe | Igihe cya MSS | Igihe yamaze |
| John Rylan | 90 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 130 Nyuma ya Krisitu | Imyaka 40 |
| Bodmer Papyrus | 90 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 150-200 Nyuma ya Krisitu | Imyaka 110 |
| Chester Beatty | 60 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 200 Nyuma ya Krisitu | Imyaka 20 |
| Codex Vaticanus | 60-90 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 325 Nyuma ya Krisitu | Imyaka 265 |
| Codex Sinaiticus | 60-90 Nyuma ya Krisitu | 350 Nyuma ya Krisitu | Imyaka 290 |
Iyi mbonerahamwe ishusho nto gusa ya zimwe mu nyandiko. Umubare w’inyandiko zo mu Isezerano Rishya ni munini cyane ku buryo bidashoboka kuzishyira ku rutonde muri iyi mbonerahamwe. Nkuko intiti imwe (3) imaze imyaka yiga kuri iki kibazo igira iti:
“ Dufite kopi zirenga 24000 MSS z’ibice byo mu Isezerano Rishya ziriho muri iki gihe… Ntayindi nyandiko ya kera ibaho yakwegera iyo mibare n’ubushishozi. Mu kugereranya, ILIAD yanditswe na Homer ni iya kabiri na MSS 643 ikomeje kubaho”
Intiti ikomeye mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubwongereza (4) ishimangira ibi:
“ Impuguke zanyuzwe nuko bafite inyandiko nyayo y’abanditsi bakuru b’Abagereki n’Abaroma … nyamara ubumenyi bwacu kubyo banditse biterwa na MSS nkeya gusa mugihe MSS z’iserano rishya zibarirwa mu… bihumbi”.
Kunegura Isezerano Rishya na Konsitantine
Kandi umubare munini w’izi nyandiko ni iza kera cyane. Mfite igitabo kivuga ku nyandiko za mbere zo mu Isezerano Rishya. Intangiriro yacyo igira iti:
“ Iki gitabo gitanga inyandiko 69 za mbere zo mu Isezerano Rishya zandikishijwe intoki … kuva mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 2 kugeza ku cya 4 ( 100-300AD ) … irimo 2/3 by’inyandiko zo mu Isezerano rishya” ( 5 )
Ibi ni ngombwa kuva izi nyandiko ari iza mbere y’umwami w’Abaroma Konsitantine ( ca 325 AD ) no kuzamuka kw’ubutegetsi bwa Kiliziya Gatolika byombi rimwe na rimwe bikaba bishinjwa guhindura inyandiko ya Bibiliya. Dushobora rwose gusuzuma iki kibazo tugereranya inyandiko zo kuva mbere ya Konsitantine ( kubera ko tuyifite ) n’izaje nyuma. Iyo tubikoze dusanga ari zimwe. Ubutumwa bw’inyandiko kuva muri 200 nyuma ya Yesu ni kimwe n’izo mu 1200 nyuma ya Yesu. Yaba Kiliziya Gatolika, cyangwa Konsitantine ntibahinduye Bibiliya. Ntabwo ari amagambo yavuzwe n’idini, ahubwo bishingiye gusa ku makuru ya siyansi. Igishushanyo gikurikira cyerekana igihe inyandiko zishingiye ku Isezerano Rishya rya Bibiliya zanditswe.
Ingaruka zo kunegura inyandiko za Bibiliya
None se ni uwuhe mwanzuro twafata? Mubyukuri byibuze mubyo dushobora gupima neza Isezerano Rishya ryagenzurwa kurwego rwo hejuru cyane kuruta izindi nyandiko za kera. Icyemezo gishingiye ku bimenyetso twafata gisobanurwa neza n’ibi bikurikira ( 6 ):
“ Gushidikanya ku nyandiko zanditswe ku Isezerano Rishya ni ukwemerera ibintu byose bya kera gushirwa mu icuraburindi, nta zindi nyandiko zo mu gihe cya kera nazo zerekanwa na bibuliografiya nk’Isezerano Rishya ”
Icyo ibi bivuga nu kugirango kutabusanya, niba duhisemo gushidikanya kubudakemwa ku kubungabunga Bibiliya dukwiye kureka ibyo tuzi byose ku mateka ya kera muri rusange – kandi ibi nta b’anyamateka basobanukiwe bigeze babikora. Tuzi ko inyandiko za Bibiliya zitahinduwe mu bihe, indimi n’ubwami byaje kandi bikagenda kuko kopi z’inyandiko zariho mbere yuko babayeho. Nk’urugero, tuzi ko nta muyobozi w’idini wo mu kinyejana cya mbere washyizwe mu bitangaza bya Yesu muri Bibiliya, kubera ko dufite inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zabanjirije ibyo mu kinyejana cya 5 hamwe n’ibi byandikishijwe intoki byose byabanjirije itariki nabyo birimo inkuru z’igitangaza cya Yesu.
Naho se mu guhindura Bibiliya mu zindi ndimi?
Ariko twavuga iki ku makosa yakozwe mu guhindura mu zindi ndimi, no kuba muri iki gihe hari verisiyo nyinshi zitandukanye za Bibiliya? Ibi ntibigaragaza ko bidashoboka kumenya neza ibyo abanditsi ba mbere banditse koko?
Ubwa mbere tugomba gukuraho imyumvire ihurirwaho na benshi. Abantu benshi batekereza ko Bibiliya uyu munsi yanyuze murukurikirane rurerure rw’intambwe zo guhindura, buri rurimi rushya ruhindurwa ruva murwarubanjirije, urukurikirane mu buryo nkubu: Ikigereki – > Ikilatini – > Icyongereza cya kera – > Icyongereza cya Shakespeare – > Icyongereza kigezweho – > izindi ndimi zigezweho. Mubyukuri, Bibiliya mu ndimi zose uyumunsi zahinduwe biturutse mururimi rw’umwimerere. Ku Isezerano Rishya ubusobanuro bugenda butya: Ikigereki – > ururimi rugezweho, no mu Isezerano rya Kera ubusobanuro – > ururimi rugezweho. Inyandiko shingiro y’ikigereki n’igiheburayo ni ibisanzwe. Itandukaniro rero muri verisiyo ya Bibiliya rikomoka kuburyo abahanga mu by’indimi bahitamo guhindura interuro mu rurimi basemuramo.
Bitewe n’ubuvanganzo bwagutse bwa kera bwanditswe mu kigereki (ururimi rw’umwimerere rw’Isezerano Rishya), byashobokaga guhindura neza ibitekerezo by’umwimerere n’amagambo y’abanditsi ba mbere. Mubyukuri verisiyo zitandukanye zigezweho zihamya ibi. Nk’urugero, soma uyu murongo uzwi cyane muburyo busanzwe, hanyuma urabona itandukaniro rito mu magambo, ariko guhuriza ku gitekerezo n’ubusobanuro:
(Abaroma 6: 23 muri verisiyo zitandukanye)
Ushobora kubona ko nta kutumvikana hagati y’ubusemuzi – bavuga neza ikintu kimwe bigatandukanywa gusa n’amagambo yakoreshejwe.
Mu ncamake, ntamwanya cyangwa ubusobanuro byangije ibitekerezo byagaragaye mu nyandiko za Bibiliya byahishwe kuri twe uyu munsi. Dushobora kumenya ko Bibiliya uyu munsi ivuga neza ibyo abanditsi banditse icyo gihe. Ni iby’izewe.
Ni ngombwa kumenya icyo ubu bushakashatsi bugaragaza n’ibyo buterekana. Ibi ntibigaragaza ko Bibiliya byanze bikunze ko ari Ijambo ry’Imana. Dushobora kuvuga ko nubwo ibitekerezo by’umwimerere by’abanditsi ba Bibiliya byatugejejweho neza uyu munsi bitagaragaza cyangwa byerekana ko ibyo bitekerezo by’umwimerere byari iby’ukuri kuva mu ntangiriro ( cyangwa ngo bibe bikomoka ku Mana ). Uko niko kuri. Ariko gusobanukirwa buziranenge bwa Bibiliya bitanga intangiriro aho umuntu ashobora gutangira gukora iperereza kuri Bibiliya kugirango arebe niba bimwe muribi bibazo nabyo bishobora gusubizwa, no gusobanukirwa icyo ubutumwa buvuga. Bibiliya ivuga ko ubutumwa bwayo ari umugisha uva ku Mana. Byagenda bite niba hari amahirwe ko ibi ari ukuri? Fata umwanya wo kwiga bimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bya Bibiliya byasobanuwe kuri uru rubuga.
Byakuwe muri
1.McDowell, J. Evidence That Demands a Verdict. 1979. p. 42-48
2. Comfort, P.W. The Origin of the Bible, 1992. p. 193
3. McDowell, J. Evidence That Demands a Verdict. 1979. p. 40
4. Kenyon, F.G. (former director of British Museum) Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts. 1941 p.23
5. Comfort, P.W. “The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts”. p. 17. 2001
6. Montgomery, History and Christianity. 1971. p.29