Mubihe byacu bigezweho, by’abize, rimwe na rimwe twibaza niba imyizerere gakondo, cyane cyane iy’ibyerekeranye na Bibiliya, ari imyizerere mibi itajyanye n’igihe. Bibiliya ivuga ibitangaza byinshi, ariko birashoboka ko ikidasanzwe ari inkuru ya pasika y’izuka rya Yesu Kristo mu bapfuye nyuma yo kubambwa ku musaraba.
Haba hari ibimenyetso byumvikana byo kuzirikana iyi nkuru ya Yesu wazutse mu bapfuye? Igitangaje kuri benshi, hashobora gukorwa urubanza rukomeye ko izuka rya Yesu ryabaye kandi ibi bimenyetso bishingiye ku mateka, ntabwo bishingiye ku myizerere ishingiye ku idini.
Iki kibazo gikwiye iperereza ryitondewe kuko bigira ingaruka mu buzima bwacu. N’ubundi kandi, twese tuzapfa, hatitawe ku mafaranga, amashuli, ubuzima n’izindi ntego twageraho mubuzima. Niba Yesu yaratsinze urupfu noneho bitanga ibyiringiro nyabyo imbere y’urupfu rwacu rwegereje. Reka turebe amakuru y’ingenzi y’amateka n’ibimenyetso byerekana izuka rye.
Inkomoko y’Amateka ya Yesu: Tacitus na Josephus
Kuba Yesu yarabayeho kandi agapfira ku karubanda byahinduye inzira y’amateka byanze bikunze. Umuntu ntagomba kureba Bibiliya kugirango abigenzure. Amateka y’isi yandika byinshi kuri Yesu n’ingaruka yagize ku isi y’igihe cye. Reka turebe bibiri. Guverineri w’Abaroma w’umunyamateka Tacitus yavuze kuri Yesu ubwo yandikaga uburyo Umwami w’Abaroma Nero yishe abakristu bo mu kinyejana cya 1 (muri AD 65), abo Nero yashinjaga ko batwitse Roma. Dore ibyo Tacitus yanditse muri 112 nyuma ya Yesu:
‘Nero .. yakoreye iyicarubozo ry’indengakamere, abantu bitwaga abakristu, banzwe kubera ukwemera bwabo. Christus washinze iryo zina, yishwe na Pontius Pilato, umushinjacyaha wa Yudeya ku ngoma ya Tiberiyo; kubw’imyemerere y’ubupfumu, kwigomeka kw’igihe kirekire kwongeye kwaduka, atari muri Yudaya gusa, aho byatangiriye gukwirakwirizwa, ahubwo byakomereje no mu mujyi w’i Roma ’ Tacitus. Annals XV. 44
Tacitus yemeza ko Yesu yari: 1) umuntu w’amateka; 2) yishwe na Pontius Pilato; 3) bitarenze 65 nyuma ya Yesu (igihe cya Nero) kwizera kwa gikristo kwakwiriye hakurya y’inyanja ya Mediterane kuva Yudaya ukagera i Roma n’umuvuduko mwinshi kuburyo umwami wa Roma yumvaga agomba guhangana nabyo. Urabona ko hano Tacitus abivuga nk’umutangabuhamya utari ubishyigikiye kuko we yabonaga iyo nkundura ya Yesu yatangije kuko yayitaga ‘imyemerere y’ubupfumu’. Arayirwanya, ariko ntahakana amateka yayo.
Josephus yari umuyobozi w’ingabo z’Abayahudi n’umunyamateka wandikiraga Abaroma mu kinyejana cya mbere. Yashyize mu ncamake amateka y’Abayahudi kuva yatangira kugeza mugihe cye. Mugukora ibyo, yanditse ku gihe n’umwuga wa Yesu muri aya magambo:
‘Muri iki gihe hari umunyabwenge … Yesu. … mwiza, kandi w’imico myiza…. Abantu benshi bakomoka mu Bayahudi no mu bindi bihugu bahindutse abigishwa be. Pilato yamuciriye iteka ryo kubambwa no gupfa. Kandi ababaye abigishwa be ntibaretse inyigisho ze. Batangaje ko yabigaragarije nyuma y’iminsi itatu abambwe kandi ko yari muzima ’ Josephus. 90 nyuma ya Yesu. Antiquities xviii. 33
Josephus yemeza ko: 1) Yesu yabayeho, 2) Yari umwigisha w’idini, 3) Abigishwa be batangaje ku mugaragaro izuka rya Yesu mu bapfuye. Birasa nkaho rero muri ibyo byagaragaye kera ko urupfu rwa Kristo rwabaye ikintu kizwi cyane kandi n’izuka rye ryakwirakwijwe ku isi y’Abagereki n’Abaroma n’abigishwa be.
Imvo n’imvano y’amateka – yo muri Bibiliya
Luka, umuganga n’umunyamateka atanga ibisobanuro birambuye by’ukuntu uku kwizera kwateye imbere ku isi ya kera. Dore igice cye mu Byakozwenintumwa muri Bibiliya:
‘Abayobozi b’amadini n’umutware w’abirinzi b’ingoro … baza kuri Petero na Yohana … Barakaye cyane kuko intumwa zigishaga abantu zibabwira izuka ry’abapfuye kubwa Yesu…Bafashe Petero na Yohana … babashyira mu nzu y’imbohe…Babonye ubutwari bwa Petero na Yohana bamenye ko batize amashuri, kandi bari abagabo basanzwe, baratangaye bati… “Turakora iki kuri aba bagabo?”. ’Ibyakozwenintumwa 4: 1-16 (63 AD)
‘ Nuko umutambyi mukuru na bagenzi be bose, … yafashe intumwa azishyira mu nzu y’imbohe rusange. … bararakaye bashaka kuzica….Binjiza intumwa kandi bazikubita. Hanyuma bazitegeka kutavuga mu izina rya Yesu, bakabareka bakagenda.’ Ibyakozwenintumwa 5: 17-40
Turabona ko abayobozi bakoze ibishoboka byose kugirango bahagarike iyi myizerere mishya. Izi mpaka zambere zabereye i Yeruzalemu – umujyi umwe aho ibyumweru bike gusa mbere yuko Yesu yicwa ku mugaragaro agashyingurwa.
Duhereye kuri aya makuru y’amateka twashobora gukora iperereza ku izuka dupima ubundi buryo bushoboka bwose hanyuma tukareba icyumvikana cyane – hatabaye kugendera ‘ ku kwizera ’ izuka ry’igitangaza.
Umubiri wa Yesu n’imva
Dufite ubundi buryo bubiri gusa bwerekeye umubiri wa Kristo wapfuye. Haba ko imva yari irimo ubusa kuri Pasika ku cyumweru mugitondo cyangwa yari ikirimo umubiri we. Nta yandi mahitamo.
Reka dufate ko umurambo we wagumye mu mva. Mugihe dutekereje kubintu byabayeho mumateka, ariko, duhita duhura ningorane. Kuki abayobozi b’Abaroma n’Abayahudi i Yeruzalemu bagomba gufata ingamba zikaze zo guhagarika inkuru z’izuka niba umurambo wari ukiri mu mva, barwanya ko abigishwa’ gutangariza rubanda ko yavuye mu bapfuye? Niba umubiri wa Yesu wari ukiri mu mva byari kuba ibintu byoroshye ko abayobozi bakora akarasisi bagaragaza umubiri wa Kristo imbere ya buri wese. Ibi byari gutesha agaciro iyi nkundura twe batiriwe bafunga, ngo bakore iyicarubozo hanyuma amaherezo ngo babicire ukwemera kwabo. Kandi ibande ku – bihumbi byahinduwe kugirango byemere izuka ry’umubiri wa Yesu i Yeruzalemu muri iki gihe. Iyaba nari umwe mu bantu bumvaga Petero, nibaza niba nshobora kwizera ubutumwa bwe budasanzwe (nyuma ya byose, byaje kuzamo gutotezwa) nibura nari gufata ikiruhuko cyanjye cya sasita nkajya ku mva maze ngo nirebere n’amaso yanjye niba umurambo we wari ukirimo. Iyo umubiri wa Kristo wari kuba ukiri mu mva iyi nkundura ntiyari kubona abayoboke mu bihe nk’ibyo kandi hari ibimenyetso bifatika bibahakanya. Umubiri wa Kristo rero niba warasigaye mu mva uganisha ku busa. Ntabwo byumvikana.
Baba abigishwa baribye umurambo?
Nibyo, hari ibindi bisobanuro bishoboka ko imva yari kuba irimo ubusa usibye izuka. Ariko, ibisobanuro byose byerekana ibura ry’umubiri bigomba no kwita kuri aya makuru: ikirango cy’Abaroma cyari hejuru y’imva, irondo ry’Abaroma ririnda imva, ibuye rinini (hagati ya toni 1-2) ritwikiriye ubwinjiriro bw’imva, ibiro 40 by’ibyakoreshejwe mu kurinda umurambo. Urutonde rurakomeza. Umwanya ntutwemerera kureba ibintu byose hamwe n’ibyabaye kugirango dusobanure iby’ukubura k’umubiri, ariko ibisobanuro byishingikirijwe cyane bivuga ko abigishwa ubwabo bibye umurambo mu mva, bawuhisha ahantu runaka kugirango bashobore kuyobya abandi.
Dufate iki kintu, twirinda impaka zimwe zavamo ibibazo byo gusobanura uburyo itsinda ry’abigishwa bacitse intege bahungisha ubuzima bwabo mugihe Yesu yafatwaga, byari gushoboka gute kongera guterana no gucura umugambi wo kwiba umurambo, bagaca rwose k’umurinzi w’Abaroma. Bahise bamena ikirango, bimura urutare runini, maze basohokana n’umubiri wuzuye – bose nta nkomere (kuva bose barakomeje kuba abatangabuhamya kuka rubanda). Reka dufate ko bashoboye kubikora neza hanyuma bose binjira ku rwego rw’isi kugirango batangire kwemera bashingiye ku buriganya bwabo. Benshi muri twe muri iki gihe bakeka ko icyashishikarije abigishwa aruko bifuzaga kugaragaza ubuvandimwe n’urukundo mu bantu. Ariko usubiye inyuma ukareba ibyo Luka na Josephus bombi bavuze hanyuma urabona ko icyo bavugagaho cyari “intumwa zigishaga abantu kandi zitangaza izuka ry’abapfuye kubwa Yesu”. Iyi nsanganyamatsiko ni yo shingiro mu nyandiko zabo. Reba uburyo Pawulo indi ntumwa, agereranya akamaro k’izuka rya Kristo:
Kuko … Nanyuze kuri wowe ko Kristo yapfuye … arahambwa, ko yazutse ku munsi wa gatatu … yabonekeye Petero hamwe n’abandi cumi na babiri. Niba Kristo atari yarazutse, ivugabutumwa ryacu ntacyo ryaba rimaze … kwizera kwawe kwaba ubusa…Niba gusa kuri ubu buzima dufite ibyiringiro muri Kristo, tugomba kugirirwa impuhwe kurusha abantu bose…. Niba nararwanyije inyamaswa zo mu gasozi muri Efeso kubera impamvu z’abantu gusa, ni iki nabonyemo? Niba abapfuye batazutse – ‘Reka turye tunywe kuko ejo tuzapfa’….
I Abakorinto 15: 3-32 (57 AD
Ikigaragara ni uko mu bitekerezo byabo abigishwa bashingiye ku kamaro n’umuhamya bwabo kw’izuka rya Kristo mu rugendo rwabo. Dufate ko ibyo byari ibinyoma rwose – ko abo bigishwa bibye umubiri kugirango bahangane n’ibimenyetso ku butumwa bwabo bidashobora kubashyira ahagaragara. Bashobora noneho gushuka isi neza, ariko bo ubwabo bari kumenya ko ibyo babwirizaga, bandikaga no guteza imvururu zikomeye kandi ari ibinyoma. Nyamara batanze ubuzima bwabo (muburyo bugaragara) kubw’ubu butumwa. Kuki babikoze – Niba bari baziko ishingiro ryabyo ari ibinyoma? Abantu baha ubuzima bwabo bitewe nuko bizera impamvu barwana cyangwa kuko bategereje inyungu zimwe. Niba abigishwa baribye umurambo bakawuhisha, mubantu bose bari kumenya ko izuka atari ukuri. Tekereza ku magambo yabo igiciro abigishwa bishyuye cyo gukwirakwiza ubutumwa bwabo – hanyuma wibaze niba wishyura igiciro cy’umuntu ku kintu wari uzi ko ari ibinyoma:
Turagoswe cyane kumpande zose … ntitugoheka … turatotezwa, turakubitwa … turashengurwa… mu kwihangana gukomeye, mubibazo, ingorane, imibabaro, mugukubitwa, gufungwa n’imvururu, uburetwa kurara amajoro n’inzara … gukubitwa … umubabaro … ubukene … ubutindi… ..Inshuro eshanu abayahudi bankubise imikoba 39, inshuro eshatu nakubiswe ibyuma, natewe amabuye, inshuro eshatu narohamye mu bwato, … , nahuye n’imihengeri, nashyizwe mu mabandi, nahuye n’amakuba mu gihugu cyanjye, no mu banyamahanga, mu mujyi, mu gihugu, mu nyanja. Nakoze cyane kandi nkora uburetwa kandi akenshi naraye ntasinziriye, kubera inzara n’inyota… Nishwe n’imbeho kandi nambaye ubusa… Nagize intege nke kandi sinumva ko ndi umunyantege nke.
II Abakorinto 4: 8 – 6:10; 11: 24-29
Uko ngenda nita k’ubutwari butagabanuka mu buzima bwabo bwose (ntanumwe wacitse intege kumpera ngo ‘yemere icyaha’), niko mbona bidashoboka ko batemeraga byimazeyo ubutumwa bwabo. Ariko niba bari babyizeye rwose ntibashoboraga kuba baribye bakajugunya umubiri wa Kristo. Umunyamategeko ugenza ibyaha uzwi cyane, wigishije abanyeshuri b’amategeko i Harvard uburyo bwo gusuzuma intege nke mu batangabuhamya, yagize icyo avuga muri aya magambo ku bigishwa:
“ Amateka y’intambara za gisirikare ntashobora gutanga urugero rw’ubutwari budatezuka, kwihangana, n’ubutwari budacogora. Bari bafite impamvu zose zishoboka zo gusuzuma bitonze ishingiro ry’ukwemera kwabo, n’ibimenyetso by’ukuri gukomeye” Greenleaf. 1874. An examination of the Testimony of the Four Evangelists by the Rules of Evidence Administered in the Courts of Justice. p.29
Igifitanye isano nibi ni uguceceka kw’abarwanyaga abigishwa – Abayahudi cyangwa Abaroma. Aba ntibigeze bagerageza kuvuga cyane inkuru ya ‘nyayo’, cyangwa ngo berekane uburyo abigishwa babeshye. Nk’uko Dr. Montgomery avuga,
“Ibi bishimangira kwizerwa kw’ubuhamya ku izuka rya Kristo ryerekanywe mu masinagogi– imbere y’ababarwanyaga, mu banzi bari kubasenya muri urwo rubanza… iyaba ibyabaye byari ataribyo” Montgomery. 1975. Legal reasoning and Christian Apologetics. p.88-89
Ntabwo dufite umwanya wo gusuzuma buri gice cy’iki kibazo. Ariko, gutinyuka kutajegajega kw’abigishwa no guceceka kw’abayobozi b’iki gihe kuvuga byinshi ko koko Kristo yazutse, kandi ko bikwiye gufata akanya ko kubitekerezaho. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kubikora n’ukubyumva mu byanditswe muri Bibiliya. Ahantu heza ho gutangirira ni ku bimenyetso bya Aburahamu na Mose. Nubwo babayeho imyaka irenga igihumbi mbere ya Yesu, ibyababayeho byari uguhanura urupfu n’izuka rya Yesu.